question:You will be shown a question, followed by excerpts from biomedical research papers. Please answer the question based on the provided context. Do not include any text in your response other than the answer.Question: Where is the proteasome located?Context: Cellular regulation by UPS- mediated protein degradation is a highly specific and selective process that depends on time (e.g. cell cycle) and location (nucleus, mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum).In eukaryotic cells, regulated protein degradation of intracellular proteins is mediated largely by the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).We followed two key parameters of this process: the distribution of proteasomes in nuclear and cytosolic compartments, and the formation of cytoplasmic aggregate-like structures called proteasome storage granules (PSGs).Subsequently, cellular distribution of the PAI-2·proteasome complexes was established by immunogold staining and electron microscopy analyses. As judged by confocal microscopy, both proteins appeared in a diffuse cytosolic pattern, but they also could be found in a dense perinuclear and nuclear location.Frequently ubiquitinated proteins are targeted to the proteasome for degradation in the cytosol.More recently, proteasome-mediated degradation of cell cycle regulatory proteins, production and loading of antigenic peptides onto HLA molecules, and transient homing of diverse virion proteins required for entry and/or egress have been shown to be coordinated at the centrosome.We conclude that N-terminal sequences of Wld(S) protein influence the intranuclear location of both ubiquitin proteasome and NAD(+) synthesis machinery and that an evolutionary recent sequence mediates binding of mammalian Ube4b to VCP.Two new forms of proteasomes, designated as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-associated proteasome (ERa proteasome) and ER membrane-bound proteasome (ERb proteasome), were purified to homogeneity from 0.0125 and 2.5% sodium cholate extracts, respectively, of a rat liver microsomal fraction.The proteasome is a large multicatalytic, proteinase complex located in the cytosol and the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.Subcellular distribution of proteasomes implicates a major location of protein degradation in the nuclear envelope-ER network in yeast.JAB1, which is thought to bind p27KIP1 and transport it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for proteasome/ubiquitin-mediated degradation, was found to be localized both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus in undifferentiated and differentiating tumors whereas located predominantly in the nucleus of differentiated tumor cells.20S proteasomes are present in all areas where ATPase subunits are detected, consistent with the presence of intact 26S proteasomes.Inhibition of proteasomes located in axons resulted in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in these axons.All these observations indicate that the mouse sperm proteasome participates in the binding to the zona pellucida and the acrosome reaction and that there is a pool of proteasomes located on the sperm head..Thus, newly synthesized apoB is localized throughout the entire ER and degraded homogeneously, most likely by neighboring proteasomes located on the cytosolic side of the ER membrane.While misfolded and short-lived proteins are degraded in proteasomes located in the nucleus and cytoplasm, the degradation of organelles and long-lived proteins in the lysosome occurs by the process of autophagy.The GFP-tagged proteasomes were located within both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.Proteasomes are large multicatalytic proteinase complexes located in the cytosol and the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.Immunohistochemically, proteasomes (26S) were located in the cytoplasm in normal human muscle, but the staining intensity was weak.In DMRV, proteasomes often were located within or on the rim of rimmed vacuoles, and in the cytoplasm of atrophic fibers.

question:You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["HealthCareActivity", "InjuryOrPoisoning", "BodySubstance", "IntellectualProduct", "AnatomicalStructure", "SpatialConcept", "Chemical", "Bacterium", "MedicalDevice", "Organization", "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline", "Finding", "BiologicFunction", "Virus", "ResearchActivity", "ClinicalAttribute", "PopulationGroup", "Eukaryote", "BodySystem", "Food", "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup"].Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Virus": ["HIV", ...], "Bacterium": ["MRSA", ...], "AnatomicalStructure": ["Lung", ...], "BodySystem": ["CNS", ...], "BodySubstance": ["Serum", ...], "Finding": ["Headache", ...], "InjuryOrPoisoning": ["Fracture", ...], "BiologicFunction": ["Death", ...], "HealthCareActivity": ["Biopsy", ...], "ResearchActivity": ["Clinical trial", ...], "MedicalDevice": ["Lenses", ...], "SpatialConcept": ["Camps", ...], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": ["Forensic medicine", ...], "Organization": ["WHO", ...], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": ["Provider", ...], "PopulationGroup": ["Swimmers", ...], "Chemical": ["Gold", ...], "Food": ["Rice", ...], "IntellectualProduct": ["RPAM", ...], "ClinicalAttribute": ["Biomarker", ...], "Eukaryote": ["Dogs", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.Abstract:Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of oral ketorolac versus intramuscular tramadol after third molar surgery: A parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Preemptive analgesia is considered an alternative for treating the postsurgical pain of third molar removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the preemptive analgesic efficacy of oral ketorolac versus intramuscular tramadol after a mandibular third molar surgery. A parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out. Thirty patients were randomized into two treatment groups using a series of random numbers: Group A, oral ketorolac 10 mg plus intramuscular placebo (1 mL saline solution); or Group B, oral placebo (similar tablet to oral ketorolac) plus intramuscular tramadol 50 mg diluted in 1 mL saline solution. These treatments were given 30 min before the surgery. We evaluated the time of first analgesic rescue medication, pain intensity, total analgesic consumption and adverse effects. Patients taking oral ketorolac had longer time of analgesic covering and less postoperative pain when compared with patients receiving intramuscular tramadol. According to the VAS and UAC results, this study suggests that 10 mg of oral ketorolac had superior analgesic effect than 50 mg of tramadol when administered before a mandibular third molar surgery.

question:You will be shown biomedical passages and your task is to the answer the provided question. Provide a concise and accurate response and do not include any additional text in the response other than the answer.Question: What is the Her2 status in Li-Fraumeni syndrome?Context: Prevalence of germline TP53 mutations in HER2+ breast cancer patientsRecent data show that breast cancer in germline TP53 mutation carriers is commonly HER2+ (63-83 %).As seen in this case, most breast cancers in patients with LFS exhibit a triple-positive phenotype (estrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-positive/HER2-positive).Breast cancers in TP53 mutation carriers recently have more often been reported to be hormone receptor and HER-2 positive by immunohistochemistry and FISH in small series.The 43 tumors from 39 women comprise 32 invasive ductal carcinomas and 11 ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS).Sixty three percent of invasive and 73% of in situ carcinomas were positive for Her2/neu (IHC 3+ or FISH amplified).Most DCIS and invasive ductal carcinomas in LFS are hormone receptor positive and/or HER-2 positive.Early onset HER2-positive breast cancer is associated with germline TP53 mutationsPatients who tested positive for germlineTP53 mutations (n = 30) were compared with controls (n = 79). Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification and/or overexpression was found in 67% of the tumors from the cases, compared with 25% for the controls (P = .0001).This study suggests an association between germline TP53 mutations and early onset HER2-positive breast cancer.A novel HER2-positive breast cancer phenotype arising from germline TP53 mutationsThe Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is caused by a germline TP53 mutation and is associated with a high risk of breast cancer at young ages.Patients carrying a TP53 mutation showed a significantly higher likelihood of developing a breast cancer with Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor (HER2) amplification (83%) when compared to the cohort of young onset breast cancer cases (16%);These findings suggest that breast cancer developing on a background of an inherited TP53 mutation is highly likely to present with amplification of HER2.

question:You will be presented a sentence from biomedical research text. Extract all terms that correspond to chemical entities of biological interest (ChEBI).Return your identified terms in a JSON array, formatted like this: ["Entity1", "Entity2", ...].If no such entities are detected, respond by providing an empty JSON array [].Biomedical context:Incontrast,theweightsofbrain,liver,kidney,andBATwerenotsignificantlydifferentbetweenthegenotypesatthe3-wktimepoint(Figure2B).

question:You will be presented with a collection of medical randomized controlled trial (RCT) reports addressing a shared clinical question -- for instance, the efficacy of a medical intervention on a disease or condition. Given the titles and abstracts of these reports, your task is to generate the conclusion of the systematic review article synthesizing the key findings. Your conclusion should be a few sentences long. In your response, include only the conclusion and no other text. The RCT reports are below.Title 1:Time as a factor in the identification of subjects with different susceptibility to plaque-induced gingivitis.Abstract 1:OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess whether identification of subjects with different susceptibility to plaque-induced gingival inflammation is dependent on the length of time of de novo plaque accumulation . METHODS Retrospective analysis of data obtained from a recently reported r and omized split-mouth localized experimental gingivitis trial involving 96 healthy non-smokers . Gingival and plaque index , gingival crevicular fluid volume ( GCF ) , angulated bleeding score , and the derived parameter cumulative plaque exposure ( CPE ) were recorded at days 0 , 7 , 14 , and 21 . The primary outcome variable to express severity of inflammation was GCF and each subject was a statistical unit . Based on subject distribution of GCF-day 21 residuals after st and ardization for CPE-day 21 , two sub- population s ( upper and lower distribution quartiles ) were selected . They were , respectively , defined as " high responders " ( HR ) ( n=24 ) and " low responders " ( LR ) ( n=24 ) and characterized by significantly different severity of gingivitis to similar amounts of plaque deposits . The same analysis was repeated at days 7 and 14 . Prevalence of HR and LR was compared between days using the chi(2 ) [ ML ] test . RESULTS For both day 7 and day 14 , the quartile distribution of LR and HR was statistically significant ( p=0.02 ) . Fifty percent of LR and 71 % of HR presented a consistent level of susceptibility to plaque-induced gingival inflammation even after only 7 and /or 14 days of plaque accumulation . CONCLUSIONS These findings support the concept that the subject-based susceptibility to plaque-induced gingival inflammation is an individual trait , only partly related to the length of time of exposure to plaqueTitle 2:Dynamics of initial subgingival colonization of 'pristine' peri-implant pockets.Abstract 2:BACKGROUND Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are linked to the presence of several key pathogens . The treatment of these infectious processes therefore involves the reduction/eradication of bacteria associated with periodontitis . METHODS This prospect i ve , split-mouth , single-blind study followed the colonization of ' pristine ' sulci created in 42 partially edentulous patients during implant surgery ( e.g. abutment connection ) . The hypothesis was that the composition of the maturing subgingival plaque in these ' fresh ' peri-implant pockets would soon ( within 2 weeks ) be comparable to the subgingival microbiota of teeth with similar clinical parameters ( reference sites ) , including the presence of bacteria associated with periodontitis . Per patient , four subgingival plaque sample s were taken from shallow and medium pockets around implants ( test sites ) , and teeth within the same quadrant ( undisturbed microbiota as control sites ) , 1 , 2 , 4 , 13 , 26 and 78 weeks after abutment connection , respectively . The sample s were analysed by either checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization , or cultural techniques , or real-time polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) for intra-subject comparisons ( teeth vs. implant , for comparable probing depths ) . RESULTS Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and real-time PCR revealed a complex microbiota ( including several pathogenic species ) in the peri-implant pockets within 2 weeks after abutment connection . After 7 days , the detection frequency for most species ( including the bacteria associated with periodontitis ) was already nearly identical in sample s from the fresh peri-implant pockets ( 5 % and 20 % of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex , respectively ) when compared with sample s from the reference teeth . Afterwards ( e.g. between weeks 2 and 13 ) , the number of bacteria in peri-implant pockets only slightly increased ( + /-0.1 log value ) , with minor changes in the relative proportions of bacteria associated with periodontitis ( 8 % and 33 % of the microbiota belonging to red and orange complex , respectively ) . Although small differences were seen between teeth and implants at week 2 with cultural techniques , a striking similarity in subgingival microbiota was found with this technique from month 3 on , with nearly identical detection frequencies for bacteria associated with periodontitis for both abutment types . CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the initial colonization of peri-implant pockets with bacteria associated with periodontitis occurs within 2 weeksTitle 3:Reversibility of experimental peri-implant mucositis compared with experimental gingivitis in humans.Abstract 3:OBJECTIVE To monitor clinical , microbiological and host-derived alterations occurring around teeth and titanium implants during the development of experimental gingivitis/mucositis and their respective healing sequence in humans . MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen subjects with healthy or treated periodontal conditions and restored with dental implants underwent an experimental 3-week period of undisturbed plaque accumulation in the m and ible . Subsequently , a 3-week period with optimal plaque control was instituted . At Days 0 , 7 , 14 , 21 , 28 , 35 and 42 , the presence/absence of plaque deposits around teeth and implants was assessed , ( plaque index [ PlI ] ) and the gingival/mucosal conditions were evaluated ( gingival index[GI ] ) . Subgingival/submucosal plaque sample s and gingival/mucosal crevicular fluid ( CF ) sample s were collected from two pre-determined sites around each experimental unit . CF sample s were analyzed for matrix-metalloproteinase-8 ( MMP-8 ) and interleukin-1beta ( IL-1β ) . Microbial sample s were analyzed using DNA-DNA hybridization for 40 species . RESULTS During 3 weeks of plaque accumulation , the median PlI and GI increased significantly at implants and teeth . Implant sites yielded a greater increase in the median GI compared with tooth sites . Over the 6-week experimental period , the CF levels of MMP-8 were statistically significantly higher at implants compared with teeth ( P<0.05 ) . The CF IL-1β levels did not differ statistically significantly between teeth and implants ( P>0.05 ) . No differences in the total DNA counts between implant and tooth sites were found at any time points . No differences in the detection frequency were found for putative periodontal pathogens between implant and tooth sites . CONCLUSION Peri-implant soft tissues developed a stronger inflammatory response to experimental plaque accumulation when compared with that of their gingival counterparts . Experimental gingivitis and peri-implant mucositis were reversible at the biomarker level . Clinical ly , however , 3 weeks of resumed plaque control did not yield pre-experimental levels of gingival and peri-implant mucosal health indicating that longer healing periods are neededTitle 4:Quality of reporting randomised clinical trials in dental and medical researchAbstract 4:Objective To assess 1 ) the quality of reporting r and omised clinical trials in dental ( RCT -Ds ) and medical research ( RCT -Ms ) , 2 ) the quality of RCT reports in relation to the journal impact factor , 3 ) the source of funding , and 4 ) the quality of RCT -Ds in different areas of dental research . Design R and om sample s of 100 RCT -Ds and 100 RCT -Ms published in 1999 were evaluated for quality of reporting under blinded conditions with the Jadad quality assessment scale . In addition , correlation between the quality scores and journal impact factor or source of funding , as well as area of dental research were analysed . Results The quality of RCT -Ds and RCT -Ms published in 1999 was generally inadequate . The quality was largely equivalent in RCT -Ds and RCT -Ms . There was no correlation between the quality scores and the journal impact factor or the source of funding . Some differences were found in the quality scores between different areas of dental research . Conclusions The results from these RCT -Ds and RCT -Ms show that most of them were imperfect in the reporting of methodology and trial conduct . There is a clear need to improve the quality of trial reporting in dental and medical researchTitle 5:Comparison of two full-mouth approaches in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis: a pilot study.Abstract 5:OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that an additional full-mouth disinfection results in a greater clinical and microbiological improvement compared with sole mechanical debridement within one session in patients with peri-implant mucositis and treated chronic periodontitis . MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 13 partially edentulous patients ( mean age 51.5 years ) with treated chronic periodontitis and 36 dental implants with mucositis ( bleeding on probing and /or a gingival index > or = 1 at least at one site at baseline , absence of peri-implant bone loss during the last 2 years before baseline ) . After r and omized assignment to a test and a control group , patients received a one-stage full-mouth scaling with or without chlorhexidine . Clinical and microbiological examination was performed at baseline , after 1 , 2 , 4 and 8 months . Additional microbial sample s were taken 24 h after treatment . Microbiological analysis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction . RESULTS Both treatment modalities result ed in significant reductions of probing depth at implant sites after 8 months , with no significant group differences . The bacteria at implants and teeth could be reduced in every group 24 h after treatment ; however , this reduction was not significant after 8 months . CONCLUSIONS Both treatment modalities led to an improvement of the clinical parameters and a temporary reduction of the microflora at implants with mucositis , but without significant inter-group differences after 8 monthsTitle 6:Anti-infective treatment of peri-implant mucositis: a randomised controlled clinical trial.Abstract 6:AIM To compare the effectiveness of two anti-infective protocol s for the treatment of peri-implant mucositis . MATERIAL S AND METHODS Twenty-nine patients with one implant diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis ( bleeding on probing [ BOP ] with no loss of supporting bone ) were r and omly assigned to a control or test group . Following an assessment of baseline parameters ( probing depth , BOP , suppuration , presence of plaque ) , all patients received non-surgical mechanical debridement at the implant sites and were instructed to brush around the implant twice daily using a gel provided for a period of 4 weeks . The test group ( 15 patients ) received a chlorhexidine gel ( 0.5 % ) , and the control group ( 14 patients ) received a placebo gel . The study was performed double blind . After 4 weeks , patients were instructed to discontinue using the gel and to continue with routine oral hygiene at the implant sites . Baseline parameters were repeated at 1 and 3 months . RESULTS At 1 month , there was a statistically significant reduction in the mean number of sites with BOP and mean probing depth measurements at implants in both groups . There were also some statistically significant changes in these parameters from 1 to 3 months . However , there were no statistically significant differences between test and control groups . One month following treatment , 76 % of implants had a reduction in BOP . Complete resolution of BOP at 3 months was achieved in 38 % of the treated implants . The presence of a submucosal restoration margin result ed in significantly lower reductions in probing depth following treatment . CONCLUSIONS Non-surgical debridement and oral hygiene were effective in reducing peri-implant mucositis , but did not always result in complete resolution of inflammation . Adjunctive chlorhexidine gel application did not enhance the results compared with mechanical cleansing alone . Implants with supramucosal restoration margins showed greater therapeutic improvement compared with those with submucosal restoration marginsTitle 7:The effect of a triclosan dentifrice on mucositis in subjects with dental implants: a six-month clinical study.Abstract 7:OBJECTIVE The objective of the present clinical study was to assess the effect of the use of a dentifrice containing triclosan on peri-implant mucositis in subjects that had been restored with dental implants . METHODS The trial was design ed as a double-blind , r and omized , two-treatment , parallel-group clinical study . Sixty male and female subjects , aged 30 - 70 years , were recruited . All subjects had lost teeth due to periodontal disease , and had been restored with a minimum of two implants at least one year prior to the start of the trial . Subjects were r and omly assigned to two treatment groups . The subjects in the test group ( Test ) brushed their teeth and implant-supported restorations with a dentifrice containing triclosan , while the control subjects brushed with a sodium fluoride dentifrice . Only subjects with a minimum of one implant site showing clinical signs of peri-implant mucositis , i.e. , bleeding after probing , were enrolled in the study . Clinical examinations were performed at baseline , and after three and six months . The following parameters were scored : Probing pocket depth ( PPD ) , bleeding on probing ( BoP ) , and plaque . The change from baseline within each treatment group at three months and six months was evaluated for all parameters using ANOVA and ANCOVA . RESULTS Subjects with peri-implant mucositis who used a dentifrice containing 0.3 % triclosan , as an adjunct to mechanical tooth brushing , exhibited significantly fewer clinical signs of inflammation than subjects who used a regular fluoride dentifrice at six months . The BoP scores were reduced from 53.8 % to 29.1 % in the Test group , whereas in the same interval there was an increase from 52.3 % to 58.8 % in the Control group . Furthermore , the individual mean PPD , as well as the frequency of sites with 5 mm and > or = 6 mm deep pockets , were reduced significantly more in the Test than in the Control group . CONCLUSION The regular use of a dentifrice containing triclosan may reduce the clinical signs of inflammation in the mucosa adjacent to dental implants

question:You will be presented with the full text of a science research paper. Please write an abstract for this paper. Your response should include the abstract and no additional text.Paper text:on account of the super - kamiokande atmospheric neutrino experiment , which confirmed a nonvanishing mass for the neutrino @xcite , the neutrino oscillation problem became an even hotter topic in high energy physics , both from the experimental and from the theoretical points of view @xcite .as a natural extension to this problem , many authors consider the neutrino oscillation in the presence of gravitation , that is , in a curved spacetime .this means to extend the physics related to the neutrino oscillation in a minkowski spacetime with lorentz invariance , to a riemannian spacetime with the usual invariance under general coordinate transformation .the gravitational effect on the neutrino oscillation has attracted much attention recently @xcite in the framework of general relativity , although a lot of problems concerning the understanding of the gravitationally induced neutrino oscillation still persists .however many alternative mechanisms have been proposed to account for the gravitational effect on the neutrino oscillation ; _e.g. _ the equivalence principle and neutrino oscillation @xcite . as a further theoretical exploration ,more recently torsion induced neutrino oscillation in @xmath0 spacetime @xcite with both curvature and torsion is also proposed @xcite . in this article , we extend the neutrino oscillation problem into the spacetime with torsion but without curvature , _i.e. _ in a weitzenbck spacetime @xmath1 @xcite , in the framework of new general relativity ( ngr)@xcite .the paper is organized as follows . in sec .ii we briefly introduce the gravitational theory in weitzenbck spacetime . in sec .iii we compare dirac equations in riemaniann spacetime and in weitzenbck spacetime , and in sec .we derive the evolutionary equation of the neutrino oscillation amplitude in weitzenbck spacetime .we set @xmath2 throughout this article .the new general relativity is a parallel tetrad gravitational theory , which is formulated on a weitzenbck spacetime @xcite .it is characterized by the vanishing curvature tensor and by the torsion tensor formed of four parallel tetrad vector fields .namely , the gravitational field appears as the nontrivial part of the tetrad field .we will use the greek alphabet ( @xmath3 , @xmath4 , @xmath5 , @xmath6 ) to denote tensor indices , that is , indices related to spacetime . the latin alphabet ( @xmath7 , @xmath8 , @xmath9 , @xmath6 ) will be used to denote local lorentz ( or tangent space ) indices .of course , being of the same kind , tensor and local lorentz indices can be changed into each other with the use of the tetrad , denoted by @xmath10 , and supposed to satisfy h^a _h_a^ = _ ^ ; h^a_ h_b^ = ^a_b .[ orto ] as is known , curvature and torsion are properties of a connection@xcite , and many different connections may be defined on the same space .for example , denoting by @xmath11 the metric tensor of the tangent space , a nontrivial tetrad field can be used to define the riemannian metric g _= _ a b h^a _ h^b _ , [ gmn ] in terms of which the levi civita connection ^ _ = g^ [ lci ] can be introduced .its curvature ^ _ = _ ^ _ + ^ _ ^ _ - ( ) , [ rbola ] according to general relativity , accounts exactly for the gravitational interaction . owing to the universality of gravitation , which means that all particles feel @xmath12 the same , it turns out possible to describe the gravitational interaction by considering a riemann spacetime with the curvature of the levi civita connection , in which all particles will follow geodesics .this is the stage set of einstein s general relativity , the gravitational interaction being mimicked by a geometrization of spacetime . on the other hand , a nontrivial tetrad fieldcan also be used to define the linear cartan connection ^ _= h_a^_h^a _ , [ car ] with respect to which the tetrad is parallel : _ h^a __ - ^ _ h^a _ = 0 .[ weitz ] for this reason , tetrad theories have received the name of teleparallelism , or absolute parallelism . plugging in eqs.([gmn ] ) and ( [ lci ] ) , we get ^ _= ^ _ + k^ _ , [ rel ] where ^ _ = [ conto ] is the contorsion tensor , with t^ _ = ^ _ - ^ _ [ tor ]if now we try to introduce a spacetime with the same properties of the cartan connection @xmath13 , we end up with a weitzenbck spacetime @xcite , a space presenting torsion , but no curvature .this spacetime is the stage set of the teleparallel description of gravitation .considering that local lorentz indices are raised and lowered with the minkowski metric @xmath14 , tensor indices on it will be raised and lowered with the riemannian metric @xmath15 @xcite .universality of gravitation , in this case , means that all particles feel @xmath13 the same , which in turn means that they will also feel torsion the same . from the above considerations, we can infer that the presence of a nontrivial tetrad field induces both , a riemannian and a teleparallel structures in spacetime .the first is related to the levi civita connection , a connection presenting curvature , but no torsion .the second is related to the cartan connection , a connection presenting torsion , but no curvature .it is important to remark that both connections are defined on the very same spacetime , a spacetime endowed with both a riemannian and a teleparallel structures . as already remarked , the curvature of the cartan connection vanishes identically : ^ _ = _ ^ _ + ^ _ ^ _ - ( ) 0 .[ r ] substituting @xmath16 from eq.([rel ] ) , we get ^ _= ^ _ + q^ _ 0 , [ eq7 ] the gravitational lagrangian density in ngr is written in the form _ g= , where @xmath17 , @xmath18 and @xmath19 are dimensionless parameters of the theory , t _ = 1 2 ( t _ + t _ ) + 1 6 ( g _ v_+g _ v _ ) -1 3 g _ v _ , + v _= t^ _ , a _ = 1 6 _ t^ with @xmath20 being the completely antisymmetric tensor normalized as @xmath21 . by applying variational principle to the above lagrangian, we get the field equation : i^= t^ , = 8 , with i^=2[d_f^+ v_f^+h^ -1 2 g^l_g ] , where f^ & = & 1 2 h^k l_g _ , + & = & 1 + & = & -f^ , + h^ & = & t^ f_^- 1 2 t^ f^_=h^ , + l_g & = & l_g , + t^ & = & 1 _ m _ h^k . here@xmath22 denotes the lagrangian density of material fields and @xmath23 is the material energy - momentum tensor which is nonsymmetric in general . in order to reproduce the correct newtonian limit, we require the parameters @xmath17 and @xmath18 to satisfy the condition a_1 + 4a_2 + 9a_1a_2=0 , called the newtonian approximation condition , which can be solved to give a_1=-1 3(1- ) , a_2=1 3(1 - 4 ) with @xmath24 being a dimensionless parameter .the comparison with solar - system experiments shows that @xmath24 should be given by = -0.004 0.004 ,previous to entering to our main point , we stress that the semiclassical by approximated dirac particle does not follow a geodesic exactly .however the force aroused by the spin and the curvature coupling has little contribution to the geodesic deviation@xcite .so here we take the neutrino as a spinless particle to go along the geodesic .the gravitational effects on the spin are incorporated into dirac equation through the `` spin connection '' @xmath25 appearing in the dirac equation in curved spacetime @xcite , which is constructed by means of the variation of the covariant lagrangian of the spinor field . in the parallel tetrad theory of hayashi and shirafuji @xcite , considering the covariant derivative of spinor to coincide with the usual derivative ,the dirac langrange density @xmath26 is given by l_d = 1 2h^_k[^k_| - _ |^k ] - m | . by taking variation with respect to @xmath27 , the dirac equation in weitzenbck spacetime is given as = 0 , [ dirac2 ] and the spin connection @xmath25 is _= 12v _ where @xmath28 is the tetrad vector .the spin connection @xmath25 is different from that of general relativity because the parallelism of vector in weitzenbck spacetime makes the covariant derivative of spinor to coincide the usual dirivative .however , the lagrangian of dirac equation in general relativity is constructed by the covariant derivative and its explicit expression for the spin connection @xmath25 is @xcite _ = 1 8[^b , ^c ] h_b^ h_c ; .we must first simplify the dirac matrix product in the spin connection term .it can be shown that ^a [ ^b , ^c ] = 2 ^ab ^c - 2 ^ac ^b - 2i ^dabc _ 5 _ d , [ gammas ] where @xmath29 is the metric of flat space and @xmath30 is the ( flat space ) totally antisymmetric tensor , with @xmath31 . with eq.([gammas ] ) , the contribution from the spin connection in general relativity is _= 12v _ - 3i 4a__5 , [ ga2 ] where a_= 16 _t^ @xmath32 is the tetrad axial - vector represented the deviation of the axial symmetry from the spherical symmetry @xcite . or , in the spherical case , schwarzschild spacetime , both dirac equations in riemaniann spacetime and in weitzenbck spacetime are equivalent .the difference between them will appear if the spacetime includes the axial symmetric components , kerr spacetime for instance .as proceeded in ref.@xcite , in order to incorporate the gravitational effect into the matter effect , we rewrite the spin connection term as ^a h^_a _ = ^a h^_a ( ia_g p_l ) = ^a h_a^ { i a_g } , where @xmath33 is the left handed projection operator , and a^_g ( -g)^1/2 _ 5 v _ in the above equations , @xmath34^{1/2} ] .proceeding as in the discussion by cardal and fuller @xcite , we will borrow the three - momentum operator used in the neutrino oscillation , which can be calculated from the mass shell condition obtained by iterating the dirac equation @xmath35 where we have not included background matter effects .@xmath36 is the vacuum mass matrix in flavour basis m_f^2=u ( cc m_1 ^ 2 & 0 + 0&m_2 ^ 2 ) u^ , where u= ( cc cos & sin + -sin & cos ) , with @xmath37 the mixing angle between different eigenstates of mass neutrinos . for relativistic neutrinos , ignoring terms of @xmath38 and @xmath39 , and remembering that we employ a null tangent vector @xmath40 , which is defined as @xmath41 , and + @xmath42 ] , we find p _n^ = - ( m_f^2/2 + a_gn^ ) .[ pn ] it is convenient to define a column vector of flavor amplitudes .for example , for the mixing between @xmath43 and @xmath44 , [ cl ] ( ) .eq.([cl ] ) can be written as a differential equation for the null world line parameter @xmath45 , i dd = ( m_f^2/2 + a_fgn^ ) , [ dcds ] where the subscrip f denotes flavor basis ". eq.([dcds ] ) can be integrated to yield the neutrino flavor evolution .similar equations were obtained in refs.@xcite in riemaniann spacetime and in @xmath46 spacetime respectively .in this paper , we studied the evolution equation for the neutrino oscillation amplitude in the framework of the new general relativity @xcite .we find that our results will be equivalent to that of general relativity in the case of spherical symmetry , and the difference will occur when the axial tetrad vector is not zero .the author would like to thank fapesp - brazil for financial support , and j.g .pereira for helpful discussions .thanks are also due to the hospitalities from s. civaram , k. hayashi , f.w .hehl and j.m .nester when he visited their research groups .